5.4.2.3 Channel Slope: The channel slope is determined as the elevation difference between the endpoints of the main channel divided by the channel length. The elevation values of the landscape are typically defined by the gray values of the respective pixels or their gradient magnitude. For instance, a valley at youth stage will have more active erosion than one at old stage. This characteristic was formulated as a law of drainage areas. [2] extracted important watershed characteristics such as watershed drainage area/boundary, field and channel slope, aspect, and drainage network using DEM and found that DEM of 30 m resolution resulted into automatic extraction of watershed characteristics most accurately with variations less than 10%. Watersheds cover all of the earth's land. RIVER BASED ON ZY3-DSM. This tutorial will guide you through the steps of computing subbasin and reach characteristics within HEC-HMS. Rock types, depth of weathering, structures, among others, are the main concerns. These processes include climatic inputs (precipitation and evapotranspiration), rain interception, snow … In India, most of the watersheds are of mixed nature of characteristics, where agriculture, forest, settlements (urban and rural) etc. 5.4.2.4 Channel Profile: It includes the point of origin of the stream called the head, the point of termination called the mouth, and a decreasing gradient of the stream channel towards the mouth. • Watershed Map (Attributes: WatershedNo, PoutPointLatitude, PourPointLongitude) The basic geologic information needed is related to erosion and sedimentation. For a given rainfall event, interception and depression storage can be significant but infiltration is considerably reduced. The area of the watershed is another important parameter like the length of the stream drainage. Below is a listing of IIHR’s technical reports. var s=d.createElement('script');s.async=1;s.src=u+'? Circular i. Secator shaped. Most of the rainfall becomes runoff. Rees, D. (1986). river stream). Watershed defined 2.1.1. where h = fall in meters, and L = horizontal distance (length) over which the fall occurs. This problem can be resolved by visual interpretation and manual calculation using Google Maps & Elevation API. Applied Hydrology, McGraw-Hill, New York. The principal watershed characteristics are: Basin shape is reflected by a number of watershed parameters as are given below. Elsevier. Seven such characteristic have been identified. Zavoianu, I. Circularity ratio is defined as the ratio of watershed area to the area of a circle having the same perimeter as the watershed and it is pretentious by the lithological character of the watershed. The total number of stream segments present in each order is the stream number (Nu). An elliptical watershed having the outlet at one end of the major axis and having the same area as the circular watershed would cause the runoff to be spread out over time, thus producing a smaller flood peak than that of the circular watershed. 5.2.1 Size – The main implication of watershed size appears in terms of spatial heterogeneity of hydrological processes. The quantification of these watershed/basin characteristics can be done as discussed below. Miller (1953) has described the basin of the circularity ratios range 0.4 to 0.5, which indicates strongly elongated and highly permeable homogenous geologic materials. Some rechecking and refinement are usually needed. Size [area] Watershed characteristics 1. This article presents general watershed/morphometric characteristics associated with the watershed which is located near Kosigi village in Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Shape: Watershed may have several shapes like square triangular rectangular, oval, palm, fern leaf shape etc. 5.2.2.4 Forest Watershed: These are the watersheds where natural forest cover dominates other land uses. The junction of two first-order channels form a second-order channel. Soil characteristics: Predominately silt loam in the western portion of the watershed, moving to loam and loamy sand as you get further east towards the Platte. Because forests resist flow of overland water, the peak discharge is reduced. 5.2.1.1 Small Watersheds: Small watersheds are those, where the overland flow and land phase are dominant. Size - Size of watershed is important characteristics of watershed as it regulates the heterogeneity within the watershed . As the raindrops roll over plants, their speed slows down. According to Schumm (1965), texture ratio is an important factor in the drainage morphometric analysis which is depending on the underlying lithology, infiltration capacity and relief aspect of the terrain. • Drainage Network Map (Attributes: WatershedNo, StreamOrder) There are two main factors which effects watershed analysis. Meaning of Catchment Area: Catchment area may be defined as the area from which the surface runoff is derived. Stream Frequency (Fs) Stream Number (Nu) (Smith, 1950) has classified drainage texture into five different textures i.e., very coarse (<2), coarse (2 to 4), moderate (4 to 6), fine (6 to 8) and very fine (>8). Drainage texture is one of the important concept of geomorphology which means that the relative spacing of drainage lines. Pearson College Div. When two channel of different order join then the higher order is maintained. 1. Since the channel does not extend up to the basin boundary, it is necessary to extend a line from the end of the channel to the basin boundary. The City of Ojai lies entirely within the watershed, 13 miles inland at an elevation of 746 feet. Watershed area is comprised of two sub-components; Stream areas and Inter-basin areas. The third dimension introduces the concept of relief. It is easily determined by contour map and drainage map of the basin. It is usually calculated as the elevation difference between the endpoints of the main flow path divided by the length. It rises towards south at an altitude of 1020 m of Satpura hills of Dindori district in Madhya Pradesh, India (Fig. Normal annual rainfall is 670mm. Based on size, the watersheds are divided into three classes. 2 National Geomatics Center of China, Beijing 100830, China . These properties of watersheds significantly affect the characteristics of runoff and other hydrological processes. land use occurs. The water resource management is a present need for sustaining the living environment on a watershed. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences Volume 2, No 1, 2011, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD REPORT on Ground Water Information, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh (July 2007) Basin perimeter is the outer boundary of the watershed that enclosed its area. KULDEEP PARETA, UPASANA PARETA (2011) Quantitative Morphometric Analysis of a Watershed of Yamuna Basin, India using ASTER (DEM) Data and GIS. Drainage density is the stream length per unit area in region of watershed (Horton, 1945, p.243 and 1932, p. 357; Strahler, 1952, and 1958; Melton 1958) is another element of drainage analysis. Drainage density is a better quantitative expression to the dissection and analysis of landform, Texture Ratio (Rt) 5.2.2.3 Mountainous Watershed: Because of higher altitudes, such watersheds receive considerable snowfall. The areal aspect is the two dimensional properties of a basin. – Data having horizontal resolution of one arc-second (approximately 30 meters), Data Preparation of how well or how poorly a watershed is drained by rivers) •it depends upon both climate (e.g. (w[b].forms=w[b].forms||[]).push(arguments[0])}; It incorporates quantitative study of the various components such as, stream segments, basin length, basin parameters, basin area, altitude, slope, profiles of the land which indicates the nature of development of the basin. As water is no limiting factor to satisfy evaporative demand, evaporation is dominant. Basin slope has a profound effect on the velocity of overland flow, watershed erosion potential, and local wind systems. Classification of Watershed. As a scientific view on development and a brand new economic development model, circular economy has its own characteristics, shown as follows: First of all, a new outlook on system. (Source: http://www.fgmorph.com/fg_4_8.php). Introduction. Once layers were generated and the same can be viewed on Online Watershed Analysis Tool which is developed based on Google Maps API at, Comparison of drainage basin characteristics. (function(w,d,u,b){w['Bitrix24FormObject']=b;w[b] = w[b] || function(){arguments[0].ref=u; Watershed Characteristics. 5.4.2.5 Drainage Density: Drainage density (Dd) is the measure of closeness of drainage spacing. A watershed carries water “shed” from the land after rain falls and snow melts. Morphometric Analysis to Infer Hydrological Behaviour of Lidder Kosigi watershed is located near Kosigi village (longitude 77°10’ to 77°17’ E and latitude 15°48’ to 15°56’ N) in Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh, India, which about 212 km from, Hyderabad. Abstract A watershed is a geographical unit in which the hydrological cycle and its components can be analysed. Therefore, main objectives should be identified and defined as early as possible. Watershed characteristics such as size, slope, shape, drainage density, land use/land cover, geology and soils, and vegetation are important factors affecting various aspects of runoff. Basin area is defined as the area contained within the vertical projection of the drainage divide on a horizontal plane. The descriptions of different watershed classifications are as below. Soil characteristics: Predominately silt loam in the western portion of the watershed, moving to loam and loamy sand as you get further east towards the Platte. Until all interests commit to this alignment, until shared intent manifests, we will be stuck using the same type of zero-sum thinking that got us here to begin with. 5.2.1.2 Medium Watersheds: Being medium in size, the workability in these watersheds are easy due to accessible approach. The basin geomorphology plays an important role in the transition of water from the overland region to channels (streams) and also from the channel of one order to the other. 5.2.2.7 Marsh or Wetland Watershed: Such lands are almost flat and are comprised of swamps, marshes, water courses, etc. – Watershed slope reflects the rate of change of elevation with respect to distance along the principal flow path. rainfall regime) and physical characteristics (e.g. There is limited groundwater recharge due to occurrence of less rainfall in these watersheds. However, the main classification of watershed is discussed broadly on the basis of size and land use. The key behind using the watershed transform for segmentation is this: Change your image into another image whose catchment basins are the objects you want to identify. Compactness Coefficient is used to express the relationship of a hydrologic basin to that of a circular basin having the same area as the hydrologic basin. The total length of individual stream segments of each order is the stream length of that order. These are dominated by buildings, roads, streets, pavements, and parking lots. 1. By measuring the vertical fall from the head of each stream segment to the point where it joins the higher order stream and dividing the total by the number of streams of that order, it is possible to obtain the average vertical fall. 5.2.2.5 Desert Watershed: There is little to virtually no vegetation in desert watersheds. Horton, R.E. With these low values of drainage density, stream frequency and drainage intensity, surface runoff is not quickly removed from the watershed, making it highly susceptible to flooding, gully erosion and landslides. As work cannot be carried out at the same time in all the sub-watersheds due to manpower and resource constraints, a priority list must be set. Relief ratio is defined as the ratio between the total relief of a basin i.e. Jour. A watershed is a basin-like landform defined by highpoints and ridgelines that descend into lower elevations and stream valleys. When the fields are barren, falling raindrops tend to compact the soil and infiltration is reduced. Objective of protecting or conserving watersheds. Horton (1945) inferred that mean drainage areas of progressively higher orders might form a geometric sequence. Protection, improvement and rehabilitation of watersheds are of critical importance in the achievement of overall development goals. Singh et al. The Google Elevation Service provides elevation data for locations on the surface of the earth which is useful to find the gross slope of the terrain which is one of important factor affecting runoff. This scheme of stream ordering is referred to as the Horton-Strahler ordering scheme (Fig.5.3). They have rich wildlife and plenty of vegetation. Module 12: Effect of Cropping System, Land Managem... Module 13: People’s Participation in Watershed Man... Module 14: Monitoring & Evaluation of Watershe... Module 15: Planning and Formulation of Project Pro... Last modified: Thursday, 6 February 2014, 6:07 AM, where L = Total length of all channels of all orders, A = Area; W = Basin order; N, Horton (1945) recommended using one-half the reciprocal of the drainage density to determine the average length of overland flow (L. Watersheds can be as small as a footprint or large enough to encompass all the land that drains water into rivers that drain into Chesapeake Bay, where it enters the Atlantic Ocean. (Source: Zavoianu, 2011). Basin Area (A) The texture ratio is expressed as the ratio between the first order streams and perimeter of the basin (Rt = Nl / P). The spatial variability of watershed characteristics increases with size, therefore, large watersheds are most heterogeneous. The inter-basin areas are the surface elements contributing flow directly to streams of order higher than 1. Source：Wasion group Author：admin Date：2012/8/6 10:50:19. – Data vertical accuracy is of 8m at 90% confidence The following thematic maps were prepared after delineation of watershed based on DEM data Definition. Watershed management tries to bring about the best possible balance in the environment between natural resources on the one side, and human and other living beings on the other. It is the indication of drainage efficiency of overland flow and the length of overland flow as well as the index of relative proportions. It reflects the rate of change of elevation with respect to distance along the principal flow path. Department of Geo-Engineering, Andhra University elevation difference of lowest and highest points of a basin, and the longest dimension of the basin parallel to the principal drainage line (Schumn 1956). var h=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];h.parentNode.insertBefore(s,h); The equation is applied in the form of water-balance equation to a geographical region, in order to establish the basic hydrologic characteristics of the region. 5.3 Watershed Characteristics: Physical and Geomorphologic Characteristics associated with Watersheds. Watershed degradation: Watershed degradation is the loss of value over time, including the productive potential of land and water, accompanied by marked changes in the hydrological behaviour of a river system resulting in inferior quality, quantity and timing of water flow. For example, the total area drained by the Mississippi River constitutes its drainage basin, whereas that part of the Mississippi River drained by the Ohio River is the Ohio’s drainage basin. Overland flow and land phase are prominent. 5.4.1.1 Basin Area: The area of watershed is also known as the drainage area and it is the most important watershed characteristic for hydrologic analysis. Usually a watershed is defined as the area that appears, on the basis of topography, to contribute all the water that passes through a given point of a stream. SENADEERA K.P.G.W, PIYASIRI S, NANDALAL K.D.W The evaluation of Morphmetric Characteristics of Kotmale Reservoir catchment using GIS as a tool, Sri Lanka, Get it delivered to your mailbox every Monday. The higher the infiltration number, the lower will be the infiltration and the higher ran-off. Classification of Catchment Areas 6. The Horton-Strahler ordering scheme. 5.4.2.1 Channel Order: The first-order streams are defined as those channels that have no tributaries. ... A more circular watershed shape has been associated with degraded water quality primarily due to greater risk of a more frequently destabilized channel. The measurement follows a path where the greatest volume of water would generally travel. Wildlife conservationist John Makombo used watershed management in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda to preserve an important habitat for mountain gorillas. The flood hydrograph peaks gradually and lasts for a long time. An elliptical watershed having the outlet at one end of the major axis and having the same area as the circular watershed would cause the runoff to be spread out over time, thus producing a smaller flood peak than that of the circular watershed. Establishing priorities: Priority watersheds or sub-watersheds should be identified during the preparatory stage. Algorithm: The choice of algorithm is another important factor in watershed analysis output. Since most of the runoff contributing to the peak flow was found to emanate from the lower half of the drainage, a measure of watershed eccentricity utilizing easily measured properties in that … Remote sensing and geographical information system are the powerful tools to identify such changes in the watershed either by natural causes and/or by … The elevation difference may not necessarily be the maximum elevation difference within the watershed since the point of highest elevation may occur along a side boundary of the watershed rather than at the end of the principal flow path. Even though the procedure and data is correct but this is happening due to presence of small hills on the perimeter of watershed. GIS-based approach facilitates analysis of different morphometric parameters of watershed delineated based on DEM data. 4.3.5 Watershed Segmentation. Geomorphology characteristics: Geomorphology deals with land forms in a watershed. No Two Watersheds are Identical 1. Bifurcation ratio is defined as the ratio between the number of streams of a particular order to the number of streams of one higher order. The soil structure is altered by regular application of organic and/or inorganic manure. This review synthesizes the body of global literature investigating relationships between baseflow and watershed characteristics of geomorphology, soil, and land use, as well as the potential effects of climate change, with an emphasis on humid, tropical and … Two watersheds of the same size may behave very differently if they do not have similar land and channel phases. The building will continue to be temporarily closed until further notice. A circular basin is the most susceptible from a drainage point of view because it will yield shortest time of concentration before peak flow occurs in the basin (Nooka Ratnam et al. Some raindrops quickly soak into the ground. Basic watershed characteristics that you need to know – • Climate, physiographic region, ecoregion • Size of watershed, scale, stream order and other geomorphic attributes • Topography – elevation, aspect, slopes – use of a digital elevation model (DEM) • Geology – bedrock type • … Linear and areal features have been considered as the two dimensional aspect lie on a plan. b24form({"id":"218","lang":"en","sec":"kled8j","type":"inline"}); For Sponsored Content/Guest Post: [email protected], Study of watershed characteristics using Google Elevation Service, Open source tools facilitate image georeferencing over internet, It’s time to agree on a universal location standard, CoreLogic expands collaboration with Google Cloud, Google expected to face a lawsuit next week as DOJ seeks support from states, Farming from Space: Digital Innovation for Agriculture Sustainability, Annual TomTom Traffic Index 2020 shows decreased congestion levels and shift in mobility mindset, Indoor mapping goes mainstream with IMDFaaS, Ibeo and SICK bring stimulus to industrial sector with new 3D solid-state LiDAR sensor, Velodyne Lidar commends NHTSA’s new NCAP program for enhancing vehicular safety, Hanwha Aerospace to acquire 30% shares of Satrec Initiative. Important Watershed characteristics Watershed Slope (S): -Flood magnitudes reflect the momentum of the runoff. The quantitative analysis of the watershed is important for the quantification of the channel network and to understand its geo-hydrological behaviour. Dt is total number of stream segments of all orders per perimeter of that area (Horton, 1945). Stream Length (Lu) 2005). A circular watershed would result in runoff from various parts of the watershed reaching the outlet at the same time. Morphological characteristics of watershed: Each individual watershed has several remarkable characteristics, which affect its functioning. Watershed geomorphology refers to the study of the characteristics, configuration and evolution of land forms and properties; developing physical characteristics of the watershed. Analysis methods which can be analyzed for this analysis is downloaded from Open data Archive ( CartoDEM ) ISRO. 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The Narmada river palm, fern leaf shape etc 5.4.1.3 basin slope: watershed/basin slope affects the reaching. Quantitative evaluation of form factor, more elongated will be more heterogeneity Pelican lakes are glacial formed. Amminedu, E. and MURTHY, K.S.R as watershed area, drainage basin or a single.. Of elongation ratio, i.e and valleys living environment on a watershed a. A dominant role be resolved by Visual interpretation and manual calculation using Google maps API and Google elevation.. Shape etc, China - cuiyajun9 @ 163.com unit area has a profound effect on velocity... Or more of the erosion process, hazards heterogeneity within the watershed area characteristics →.! Guide you through the steps of computing subbasin and reach characteristics within HEC-HMS the aspects linear.